There some audio and teaching aids used in the educational system to improve the learning standards of people with visual problem. There also some advantages of these teaching aids and some disadvantages. Visual loss is a type of sensory impairment where the sense of sight is affected in such a way that one is unable to see clearly or that one may not see at all. Thus there are people with visual loss that are partially sighted and others that are blind. The complete loss of the sense of sight or the ability to see is called blindness. It is therefore impairment in vision that even with correction adversely affects a child‘s educational performance.
Visual aids are any devices which can be used to make the learning experience more real, more accurate and more active. Visual aids are tools that help to make an issue or lesson clearer or easier to understand and know these include pictures, models, charts, maps, videos, slides, real objects etc. There are many visual aids available these days. We may classify these aids as follows, visual aids are which use sense of vision are called Visual aids. For example models, actual objects, charts, pictures, maps, flannel board, flash cards, bulletin board, chalkboard, slides, overhead projector etc. Out of these black board and chalk are the commonest ones. By visual aids in teaching is one mode to enhance lesson plans and give students additional ways to process subject information.
A pupil who is totally blind receives no useful information through senses of vision and must use tactile and auditory senses for all learning. A functionally blind pupil has so little vision that he/she learns primarily through other senses; however he/she may be able to use her limited vision to supplement the information received from auditory and tactile senses and to assist with certain task. Most pupils who are blind use Braille. A pupil with low vision uses vision as a primary means of learning and generally to read print. How ever Visual aids are devices present unit of knowledge through auditory of visual stimuli both with a view to aid learning. Visual aids can be very useful in supportive a topic, and the amalgamation of both visual and audio stimuli is particularly effective since the two most important senses are involved.
An eye specialist Ophthalmologist will examine the visual acuity, refractive errors and binoculars difficulties. Visual acuity refers to the ability to see forms or letters clearly from a certain distance. A snellen chart is used as a visual screening test in schools. The test is done at 20 feet from the chart i.e. the far point visual acuity. A score of 20/20 means that the subject sees at twenty feet what the normal eye sees at twenty feet. A score of 20/40 means that the individual sees at 20 feet what the normal eye sees at 40 feet. Thus the numerator is the subject and the denominator is the normal eye the victim is measured against. Visual impairments can be categorized into refractive and binocular errors.
First device is Cassette Tape Recorders, Fortunately, teachers have begun to understand how using audio cassettes or cds in the classroom can increase the circle of readers by engaging learners with auditory and spatial intelligence learning styles. Through the use of audio cassettes in literature classes, these students can use their own learning styles as a catalyst for in-depth study of masterworks. With the broad implementation of whole language literacy approaches, which encourage both the classroom teacher and the librarian to teach reading in a rich multisensory environment, librarians justifiably include audio cassettes as part of their 21st-century literacy mission. Collaboration by librarians and teachers in integrating audio experiences into critical reading and writing instruction can measurably enhance these skills.
There is also talking calculators, which has a built in speech synthesizer that reads aloud each number, symbol, or operation key a user presses it also vocalizes the answer to the problem. This auditory feedback may help a student check the accuracy of the keys he presses and verify the answered before he transfers it to paper. There are also audio visual aids these are teaching machines like television, radio, and all kinds of projectors with sound attributes .Television and radio programs provide another useful learning resource. Films, likewise, are a general teaching/learning resource.
In addition to helping students remember important information, teaching/learning resources have other returns.
Other devices include Abacus which commonly for calculations, Abacus is the arithmetic method based on the principles of Abacus Calculation. Abacus math is considered to be one of the fastest ways of calculating and learning math for the visual impaired students. Abacus also provides a solid foundation for learning the language of Mathematics in primary and the high school level more especially on schools which have students with visual impairment. It gives heightens stronger mental visualization skills to the learners with visual impairment.
The abacus can be used as a tool to check the accuracy of the calculations performed on the braillewriter. In this way, each method reinforces the other. If both answers are correct, then the calculation was most likely performed successfully.
Braille is also among the devices used and it’s the most common device nearly found at almost every visual school. Braille paper writing using the stylus and Writing Frames which improves Braille Reading and Writing. Braille is a system that utilizes raised dots to represent letters, numbers, and other symbols. The system is based on a six-dot cell that is two dots wide and three dots high. Raised dots are thus formed on paper that is placed between the folding halves of the slate.
Learning to write using the slate and stylus can be quite difficult since in order for the raised dots to be in the correct configuration for reading, they must be written in reverse order. As the student becomes more proficient in the use of the braillewriter in performing specific procedures, such as two-digit addition, more reliance can be placed on the use of the abacus and less reliance can be placed on the use of the braillewriter. The general principle here is to move from the more cumbersome tool to the more efficient one.
Lastly we have a Perkins Brailler, an easier method for writing Braille is the use of the Perkins Brailler. Much like a typewriter, the Brailler consists of six keys one for each of the dot positions and a spacing bar. All possible dot configurations can be formed by depressing the appropriate keys simultaneously. Most students who are blind receive instruction in Braille at the first-grade level.
In learning Braille, students are instructed to read with the index finger of one hand and to keep place vertically on the page with the other. They are encouraged to read with a smooth, continuous horizontal movement and to minimize vertical movements. Light and constant finger pressure is necessary to sense the configuration of the raised dots as the hand moves across them. Students learn to write Braille by using a slate and stylus and the Perkins Brailler. When using the slate and stylus, the stylus is pressed.
These devices have different functions and how they help the education system world. Visual aids are the devices that help the teacher to clarify, establish, and correlate and co-ordinate precise conceptions, understandings and appreciations and support him to make learning more actual, active, motivating, encouraging, significant and glowing. Following are the significances of our research, every individual has the tendency to forget. Proper use of visual aids helps to retain more concept permanently. Students can study well when they are inspired properly through different visual aids.
Prevents wastage of time: Visual techniques help to prevent the wastage of time. Written and oral communication takes much time to exchange information. But number of receivers can be communicated at a time through visual methods. Furthermore, some visual aids provide complete example for conceptual thinking and Visual aids grow the accurate image when the students see and hear properly. Effective for illiterate receiver, If the receivers are illiterate, the visual communication will be more effective to exchange information. They can easily understand the information that is presented visually. Easy explanation: Everyone can explain the meaning of it very easily. Easy explanation has made the visual techniques more popular. This is an advantage in the sense that it helps in improving oral communication, Visual techniques can be used with oral communication. This Oral communication becomes more meaningful if graphs, pictures and diagrams are used with it.
There are also some disadvantages of visual methods of communication are more costly than those of other methods. That is why only large company or organization can use this technique. Cassette Tape Recorders this type of visual impairment device is not found at all impaired schools, infact it is rarely found because it is very expensive making the education system more challenging for the visual impaired students.
Difficulties in reading and Unable to read continually for a longer period. Difficulties in work requiring close use of the eyes and Holds books close to the eyes
In addition to this, abacus use of this device takes a bit of time for some learners to really understand how it works and how it is used. Problems seeing what is written or illustrated on the blackboard making Headaches following close eye-work. Rubs eyes due to irritation or itching and inability to see the chalkboard and other distant objects. Incomplete method: This technique is considered as an incomplete method. Visual presentation is not sufficient to communicate effectively and clearly but also it can be successfully used with oral communication.
Eventually, Perkins Brailler which works like a type writer works with power but due to current load shedding many visual impairments schools have faced a lot of challenges. Inflamed, red and watery eyes and Often over-sensitive to light, Passes by people or objects without recognizing them and irregularities of the pupils. Visual aids are important in education system. Visual aids are those devices which are used in classrooms to encourage students learning process and make it easier and interesting. Visual aids are the best tool for making teaching effective and the best dissemination of knowledge.
REFERENCE
Mwanza Clement(2021)@academia.com
BILIOGRAPHY
Accardo, P. J. & Whitman, B. Y. Dictionary of developmental disabilities terminology. Baltimore: Paul H. Brookes, 1996.
Bhargava M. Introduction to Exceptional Children, their nature and educational provisions. India: Sterling PP ltd, 1994.
Child, D. Psychology and The Teacher. New York: Rinehart, 2000.
Donald, D. etal Educational Psychology in Social Context. London. Oxford University Press, 1997. Fred, H.B. Audiology: The fundamentals (2nd ed): London: Longman, 1995.
Hallahalan, D.P etal. Exceptional Learners: An Introduction to Special Education. Boston: Pearson education Inc, 1995. Hasa K.B. & H.C. packer – preparation & use of visual aids. New York: Prentice Hall, 1946.
Mckown, C, Harry - A/V aids to instruction. New York: Mcgraw hill b Book Co, 1949.
Mishra, S, K. & Yadav, B. "Audio-Visual Aid & the Secondary School Teaching". Global Journal of HUMAN-SOCIAL SCIENCE, 2004.
Ode, Elijah, Ojowu. "Impact of audio-visual (AVs) Resource on teaching and Learning some selected private secondary schools (Makurdi)".International Journal of Research in Humanities, Arts and Literature, 2014.
Comments
Post a Comment